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Chicago Manual of Style

Citing Indigenous Elders and Knowledge Keepers (Sec 14.136-137)

Unlike other forms of personal communications, Elders and Knowledge Keepers should be cited in both footnotes and bibliography. 

Full Note (First Footnote):

1. First Names Last Name (Traditional Name [if applicable]), Nation/community, Treaty Territory [if applicable], Where they live [if applicable], Topic/subject of communication, interview, Month Day, Year.

Subsequent Note:

2. Last Name, Shortened Topic/Subject of Communication.

Bibliography: 

Last Name, First Names (Traditional Name [if applicable]). Nation/community. Treaty Territory [if applicable]. Where they live [if applicable]. Topic/subject of communication. Interview, Month Day, Year

NOTES:

  • Some Elders and Knowledge Keepers may prefer to be listed under their Traditional Name rather than their legal name, sometimes without also listing a legal name. Whenever possible, confirm their preference with them. 
  • For more information about citing secondary sources of Indigenous Knowledge, consult Gregory Younging's Elements of Indigenous Style.
  • If you would like to approach an Elder or Knowledge Keeper for teachings, please follow protocol. If you are unsure what protocol is,  please contact the Office of Indigenous Education.